← All detection methods  ·  Exoplanet Archive

Orbital brightness modulation

No dip needed — the system's total light rises and falls as the planet turns.

9 planets found this way → Orbital period Rough size and temperature Day/night contrast
A close-in planet changes the system's total brightness smoothly around each orbit a lit face turning toward us smooth rise and fall, no dip needed

How the measurement works

A planet orbiting very close to its star is heated fiercely on one side and shows us varying amounts of that hot, lit face as it goes around — like lunar phases, in light we can measure but not resolve.

The system's combined brightness therefore rises and falls smoothly, once per orbit. No transit is required; the planet need never cross the star at all.

Two further effects ride along: the star is tidally distorted into an ellipsoid by the planet's pull, changing its apparent area twice per orbit, and relativistic beaming brightens the star slightly as it moves toward us.

The signals are of order parts per million, so in practice this needs a space telescope staring at one field for months.

The arithmetic

Reflected-light amplitude
Arefl = Ag · (Rp / a)²
Ag is the geometric albedo. For a hot Jupiter at 0.05 AU this is a few tens of parts per million.
Tidal distortion of the star
Aellip ∝ (Mp / M*) · (R* / a)³
Peaks twice per orbit rather than once, which is how it is told apart from the phase curve.

Signal budget for a hot Jupiter

Reflected phase curve tens of ppm once per orbit
Ellipsoidal distortion tens of ppm twice per orbit
Beaming a few ppm once per orbit

Three effects with different periods in the same light curve — separating them is what makes the method work, and what makes it hard.

What it does well
  • No transit required, so it is not restricted to edge-on systems
  • Measures the planet's day-night temperature difference and its reflectivity
  • Reuses existing high-precision photometry
Where it cannot help
  • Only close-in giant planets produce a measurable signal
  • Parts-per-million precision means space telescopes in practice
  • Easily confused with the star's own variability
Landmark discovery Kepler-70 b and c — extreme cases orbiting a hot subdwarf, found in Kepler photometry.
Instruments Kepler, CoRoT, TESS, CHEOPS
Archive name Orbital Brightness Modulation — the value in NASA's discoverymethod field

Browse the 9 planets found by this method →

← Back to all eleven methods