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Active TRL 4 (started at 4, targeting 5)
This demonstration will test two algorithms to potentially improve spacecraft precision landing capabilities: (1) a fractional-polynomial powered descent guidance (FP2DG) algorithm that could expand the flexibility and trajectory shaping ability of descent navigation systems and (2) the G-POLAR fuel-optimal powered descent guidance algorithm, which is designed to provide pinpoint landing guidance capability with minimum propellant usage. Flight tests will use a suborbital rocket-powered lander vehicle with these algorithms implemented in the vehicle’s avionics system. The aim of this Flight Test of Advanced Powered Descent Guidance Algorithms is to demonstrate the operation and performance of the technology in aiming to provide autonomous pinpoint landing that optimizes propellant efficiency. The technology could benefit robotic and crewed landing missions to the Moon, Mars, and other destinations in the solar system by NASA and industry.
Problem Statement
Increased capabilities and performance in powered descent guidance technology are needed to enable safe and pinpoint landing and hazard avoidance for human-scale landing missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.
Technology Maturation
Preceded by multiple tethered tests, this demonstration will consist of two free-flight tests in a rocket-powered lander that will be performed with increasing levels of integration and functionality. The objective of each test is to demonstrate the operation and performance of the technology in flight, up to actually guiding the vehicle to fly. A successful flight test program will validate and demonstrate the new powered descent guidance technology in a relevant onboard operating environment, advancing the technology toward potential infusion in robotic and crewed landing missions to the Moon and high-mass missions to Mars and beyond. The FP2DG component is expected to reach technology readiness level (TRL) 6. The G-POLAR component is expected to reach TRL 5.
Summary of Flight Tests April 3-May 8, 2025
The G-POLAR code was implemented in a flight computer and thoroughly tested before being successfully integrated with Astrobotic's Xodiac vehicle. An open-loop tethered flight test was conducted on April 3, 2025, to verify safe operation of the integrated payload. During closed-loop tether tests on April 24 and May 8, 2025, the G-POLAR system successfully guided Xodiac during the vertical descent. G-POLAR was also to be tested during free flight on May 28, 2025; however, that test was not completed due to an unplanned flight termination that resulted in the loss of the vehicle and the G-POLAR payload. Work has since begun to rebuild the vehicle and payload, and G-POLAR is expected to complete the free-flight test in 2027.
- Increased accuracy: Improved steering capability for pinpoint landings
- Improved reliability: Guidance technology rooted in the Apollo program but offering greater flexibility and capability
- Fuel efficiency: Designed for fuel optimization
Future Customers
- Potential infusion into human and robotic missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond, such as NASA’s Artemis program and commercial lunar missions
- High-mass Mars missions
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