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Active TRL 3 (started at 3, targeting 5)
NEP is an open-ended project focused on developing critical and enabling technologies for nuclear electric propulsion leading to an integrated NEP vehicle system. NEP systems have capabilities that can be directly leveraged, or readily evolved, for future NASA missions that include cis-lunar operating systems and deep-space human and science systems. Electric thruster technology offers much higher propellant mass efficiencies when compared chemical and nuclear thermal options. Combining a nuclear energy source with electric thrusters can enable both human and science missions to the outer planets providing for more payload, faster transit, and increased power for sensors and communication.
Nuclear electric propulsion relies on electric power sourced from a nuclear fission reactor which is functionally like terrestrial nuclear power plants. Requiring operating temperatures less than nuclear thermal propulsion, the thermal energy produced by the reactor generates electricity which is then used to power highly efficient electric thrusters. The many challenges addressed within NEP include (1) advancing shielding materials, fission fuels, and designs that can enable a reliable space-rated reactor; (2) production of lightweight, high efficiency technologies for a closed-cycle Brayton power conversion engine; (3) high-temperature thermal management technologies; and radiation hard electronics that enable autonomous operations. The five major subsystems enveloping a NEP capability are power management and distribution, electric thrusters, waste heat rejection, power conversion and the power reactor. The technology readiness of most specific technology drivers includes higher operating temperatures for the power reactor, power conversion, and thermal management systems, higher power electric thrusters, and an overall reduction in the subsystem design weight requirements.
Nuclear Electric Propulsion systems provide greater electric power from a fission reactor and power conversion system and high propellant mass efficiency provided by the electric thrusters. These benefits can be used to gradually increase vehicle velocity and support the higher power needs of a Mars human exploration mission or a high-value deep-space science mission to outer planets. When compared to solar electric powered systems, nuclear electric systems can offer greater power for lower mass and do not suffer the same loss in power as mission distance from the sun increases. A nuclear reactor can be scaled to produce power levels of one to two orders of magnitude higher than is currently practical for solar power production and allow deep-space operation where solar energy production is impractical. Compared to traditional chemical systems, electric propulsion offers efficiencies that are four to ten times higher which can mean fewer supply launches from Earth and the ability to complete a round trip without the added logistics and risk of refueling at Mars.
The project has established a technology maturation plan for NEP major subsystems: reactor, power conversion, power management, heat rejection and electric thrusters, that will guide key subsystem development. Investments are focused on demonstrating systems at a subscale level to identify gaps, balance and leverage FSP investments that benefit NEP technology needs, and maximize development with other government agencies.
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