Supporting technologies for large-scale kinetic inductance current sensor readouts

Transition-edge sensor (TES) arrays optimized for visible to near-infrared (VNIR) wavelength detection have potential applications in space astrophysics due to their broad wavelength coverage, high quantum efficiency, intrinsic energy resolution, and high maximum count rates with little to no dark counts. TES calorimeters have historically been read out with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexed readouts, but these systems have insufficient bandwidth to read out more than just a few of the much faster VNIR detectors. The next generation of space astrophysics telescopes, such as the Habitable Worlds Observatory, would require 1000s of detector elements, a daunting task for SQUID-based readouts. We have recently proposed and demonstrated the kinetic inductance current sensor (KICS), a more scalable readout solution that replaces the SQUID in the TES readout circuit. The KICS is a superconducting resonator-based technology that can be naturally read out with standard microwave frequency division multiplexing techniques. Here, we propose to develop technologies in support of the novel KICS. In particular, we will develop individually addressable superconducting switches, allowing KICS resonators to be moved in frequency space to ideal locations, improving yield and bandwidth usage efficiency. This will be accomplished through superconducting switches with variable critical temperatures and/or resistive latching of superconducting elements. We will also implement the room temperature readout firmware needed to interface with large-format KICS arrays. Here, we will develop high-speed firmware to match to the faster TES speeds, in-firmware optimal filtering, and multi-tone/tone-tracking algorithms for increased dynamic range. The work proposed here, in combination with the on-going KICS development work, could put TESs on the path toward high-yield arrays at sizes required for HWO.

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