Non-Contact, Real-Time Diagnostics of Battery Aging in 18650 Cells During the Lunar Night Using Acoustic Spectroscopy

Power systems used in space missions are required to face extreme changes in thermal environments. For example, lithium-ion batteries used on the lunar surface need to survive the extreme temperature swing during a lunar night that can reach below 70 K. The change in capacity and safety of lithium-ion batteries during freeze-thaw cycles remains poorly understood. This research aims to develop a real-time, non-invasive method of monitoring lithium-ion battery cells and investigate their mechanical changes and aging mechanisms. We propose using acoustic spectroscopy, which generates and detects ultrasonic waves in a battery cell and could provide real-time insights into internal battery mechanical changes, defects, and degradation, and potentially be integrated into battery pack management systems. The acoustic spectroscopy data will be paired with Cryogenic Micro-Computed Tomography (cryo-microCT), which directly images the internal structure of a battery, during freeze-thaw. Key objectives include a benchmarking study of individual 18650 battery cells at room temperature, later investigating 18650 cell performance during freeze-thaw cycles simulating lunar night conditions, and further explorations of an integrated acoustic monitoring system for large battery packs. This work could lead to improved monitoring of battery health, ensuring safer, more reliable systems for both space exploration and global energy applications.

This is a mature technology (TRL 7+) — the realistic path in is usually NASA's Technology Transfer Program: licensing an existing NASA patent, or a Space Act Agreement to use NASA facilities/expertise directly. NASA also runs a startup licensing program with no upfront fee for companies formed to commercialize a specific NASA technology.

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